2007-05-02; 12:14 (solar altitude 53.8)
direct sun
Corrected data with value at 290nm converted to zero to loer baseline, and all negative values to zero
Spectrum 447: SUN Edit
DeleteMeasurement
| Brand |
other other |
|---|---|
| Lamp Product |
Sun Direct sunlight |
| Lamp ID |
SUN (01/2000) |
| Spectrometer | USB 2000 |
| Ballast | - no ballast or default/unknown ballast - |
| Reflector | |
| Distance | 0 cm |
| Age | 0 hours |
| Originator (measurement) | Frances Baines |
Database entry created:
Sarina Wunderlich
12/Jan/2012 ; updated:
Sarina Wunderlich
12/Jan/2012
Colorimetry
Colorimetry is the science to describe physically the human color perception. The wavelength range 380 nm - 780 nm is visible to humans and detected by three different photoreceptors. Many Reptiles see the range 350 nm - 800 nm and have an additional UV photoreceptor in their retina.
Whereas a spectrometer measures the intensity in every tiny wavelength interval resulting in thousands of individual intensities, the human eye only measures three intensities detected by the three cones. The same is true for the reptile eye with usually three or four photoreceptors. Effectively the detailled spectrum displayed above reduces to a much compacter bar graph displayed below. The photoreceptor sensitivites from these L-Cone, M-Cone, S-Cone, and U-Cone are used, they are chosen as an average of measured reptile photoreceptor sensitivity curves. The bar graph also shows as reference the intensity seen by the three or four photoreceptors for average sunlight (id 1).
From these three numbers the colour coordinate and the correlated colour temperature for humans are calculated using the CIE standard method. I adapted this concept to a "3 cone reptile (M,S,U)" and a "4 cone reptile (L,M,S,U)". I am sure, that this adaption to other colour spaces makes sense mathematically and this is also done in scientific research regarding colour vision of animals, however I have not seen calculation of colour temperatures for other animals in the scientific literature. Even if it is hypothetical, at least this shows, how arbitrary the colour temperature is, and that the colour temperature calculated for humans does not apply to reptiles. The colour spaces also show the colour coordinates of different phases of daylight ((ids 1, 338 – 451, 511 – 513 ), indicated by crosses, coloured in the appriximate colour perceived by a human.
| Human (CIE) | 3 cone reptile | 4 cone reptile | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cone Excitation | |||
| Colour Coordinate | ( 0.33 ; 0.34 ) | ( 0.43 ; 0.38 ) | ( 0.29 ; 0.3 ; 0.27 ) |
| CCT | 5600 Kelvin | 4500 Kelvin | 4900 Kelvin |
| distance | 0.042 | 0.038 | |
| colour space | 3-D-graph not implemented yet |
Vitamin D3 Analysis
Vitamin D3 is produced by UVB radiation around 300 nm. 7DHC/ProD3 present in the skin is converted to PreD3 when absorbing an UV photon. PreD3 can be converted back to ProD3, to Lumisterol, or to Tachysterol when absorbing another UV photon or can be converted to Vitamin D3 in a warm environment.
This process prevents any overdose of vitamin D3 from UV radiation with a spectrum similar to sunlight. As a comparison the solar spectra at 20°(id:14) and at 85°(id:21) solar angle are shown.
The ratio of the two solarmeters 6.2 (UVB) and 6.5 (UV index) readings has proven a useful and very simply number to acess the spectral shape in the vitamin-d3-active region.
Effective Irradiances
Effective irradiances are calculated for all ranges, actionspectra and radiometers currently present in this database.
The calculation method is a numerical implementation (Simpson's rule) of the formula
To learn more about calculating effective irradiances and radiometers I recommend this excellent report on UVB meters: Characterizing the Performance of Integral Measuring UV-Meters (pdf).
The numbers in the following tables can also be used to estimate certain (effective) irradiances from radiomer readings. Example: If the database lists
- range: UVB (US) = 13.8 µW/cm²
- radiometer: Solarmeter 6.2 = 19.6 µW/cm²
Ranges
total ( 0 nm - 0 nm) 55400 µW/cm² = 554 W/m² UVC ( 0 nm - 280 nm) 0 µW/cm² = 0 W/m² non-terrestrial ( 0 nm - 290 nm) 0 µW/cm² = 0 W/m² total2 ( 250 nm - 880 nm) 55200 µW/cm² = 552 W/m² UVB (EU) ( 280 nm - 315 nm) 40.4 µW/cm² = 0.404 W/m² UVB (US) ( 280 nm - 320 nm) 92.5 µW/cm² = 0.925 W/m² UVA+B ( 280 nm - 380 nm) 1980 µW/cm² = 19.8 W/m² Solar UVB ( 290 nm - 315 nm) 40.4 µW/cm² = 0.404 W/m² UVA D3 regulating ( 315 nm - 335 nm) 341 µW/cm² = 3.41 W/m² UVA (EU) ( 315 nm - 380 nm) 1940 µW/cm² = 19.4 W/m² UVA2 (medical definition) ( 320 nm - 340 nm) 413 µW/cm² = 4.13 W/m² UVA (US) ( 320 nm - 380 nm) 1880 µW/cm² = 18.8 W/m² UVA1 (variant) ( 335 nm - 380 nm) 1600 µW/cm² = 16 W/m² UVA1 (medical) ( 340 nm - 400 nm) 2530 µW/cm² = 25.3 W/m² vis. UVA ( 350 nm - 380 nm) 1200 µW/cm² = 12 W/m² VIS Rep3 ( 350 nm - 600 nm) 26900 µW/cm² = 269 W/m² VIS Rep4 ( 350 nm - 700 nm) 38400 µW/cm² = 384 W/m² purple ( 380 nm - 420 nm) 2990 µW/cm² = 29.9 W/m² VIS ( 380 nm - 780 nm) 44700 µW/cm² = 447 W/m² VIS2 ( 400 nm - 680 nm) 34100 µW/cm² = 341 W/m² PAR ( 400 nm - 700 nm) 36200 µW/cm² = 362 W/m² tmp ( 400 nm - 1100 nm) 52300 µW/cm² = 523 W/m² blue ( 420 nm - 490 nm) 8640 µW/cm² = 86.4 W/m² green ( 490 nm - 575 nm) 10900 µW/cm² = 109 W/m² yellow ( 575 nm - 585 nm) 1300 µW/cm² = 13 W/m² orange ( 585 nm - 650 nm) 7870 µW/cm² = 78.7 W/m² red ( 650 nm - 780 nm) 13000 µW/cm² = 130 W/m² IRA ( 700 nm - 1400 nm) 16200 µW/cm² = 162 W/m² IR2 ( 720 nm - 1100 nm) 14100 µW/cm² = 141 W/m² IRB ( 1400 nm - 3000 nm) 0 µW/cm² = 0 W/m²
Actionspectra
Erythema 2.06 UV-Index Pyrimidine dimerization of DNA 29.9 µW/cm² Photoceratitis 2.62 µW/cm² Photoconjunctivitis 0.0229 µW/cm² DNA Damage 0.0707 Vitamin D3 7.04 µW/cm² Photosynthesis 25700 µW/cm² Luminosity 97300 lx Human L-Cone 14600 µW/cm² Human M-Cone 12100 µW/cm² Human S-Cone 7030 µW/cm² CIE X 13100 µW/cm² CIE Y 13500 µW/cm² CIE Z 13100 µW/cm² PAR 171000000 mol photons Extinction preD3 91.3 e-3*m²/mol Extinction Tachysterol 347 e-3*m²/mol Exctincition PreD3 51600 m²/mol Extinction Lumisterol 3.41 m²/mol Exctincition Tachysterol 641000 m²/mol Extinction 7DHC 1.48 m²/mol L-Cone 12500 µW/cm² M-Cone 12900 µW/cm² S-Cone 11500 µW/cm² U-Cone 5820 µW/cm² UVR - ICNIRP 2004 1.09 Rel Biol Eff Melatonin Supression 10800 µW/cm² Blue Light Hazard 8050 µW/cm² (82.7 µW/cm² per 1000 lx) CIE 174:2006 PreVit D3 7.5 µW/cm² Lumen Reptil 100000 "pseudo-lx" Vitamin D3 Degradation 19 µW/cm² Actinic UV 1.1 µW/cm² (0.113 mW/klm) Exctincition Lumisterol 8200 m²/mol Exctincition 7DHC 2730 m²/mol Exctincition Toxisterols 14000 m²/mol
Broadbandmeters
Solarmeter 6.2 (UVB, pre 2010) 141 µW/cm² Solarmeter 6.5 (UV-Index, pre 2010) 2.39 Leybold UVB 87.2 µW/cm² Leybold UVA 1420 µW/cm² Leybold UVC 0.000482 µW/cm² DeltaOhm UVB 366 µW/cm² DeltaOhm UVC 35.4 µW/cm² Vernier UVB 16.9 µW/cm² Vernier UVA 985 µW/cm² Gröbel UVA 1560 µW/cm² Gröbel UVB 36.3 µW/cm² Gröbel UVC -0.0286 µW/cm² Luxmeter 98300 lx Solarmeter 6.4 (D3) 7.46 IU/min UVX-31 443 µW/cm² IL UVB 0.0693 µW/cm² IL UVA 1670 µW/cm² Solarmeter 6.5 (UVI, post 2010) 2.16 UV-Index Solarmeter 6.2 (UVB, post 2010) 106 µW/cm² (Solarmeter Ratio = 48.9) Solarmeter AlGaN 6.5 UVI sensor 37.5 UV Index GenUV 7.1 UV-Index 2.81 UV-Index Solarmeter 10.0 (Global Power) (manuf.) 664 W/m² Solarmeter 4.0 (UVA) 29.2 mW/cm² LS122 (manuf.) 15.9 W/m² ISM400 (first guess) 609 W/m² LS122 (assumption) 34.6 W/m² ISM400_new 588 W/m² Solarmeter 10.0 (Global Power) (assumption) 656 W/m²