Global Spectral Irradiance
11. January 1996, Australia
solar altitude 30°
from: Bernhard, G., B. Mayer, G. Seckmeyer, and A. Moise (1997), Measurements of spectral solar UV irradiance in tropical Australia, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D7), 8719–8730
Spectrum 15: SUN Edit
DeleteMeasurement
| Brand |
other other |
|---|---|
| Lamp Product |
Sun Direct sunlight |
| Lamp ID |
SUN (01/2000) |
| Spectrometer | - |
| Ballast | - no ballast or default/unknown ballast - |
| Reflector | |
| Distance | 0 cm |
| Age | 0 hours |
| Originator (measurement) | Publication |
Database entry created:
Sarina Wunderlich
12/Nov/2009 ; updated:
Sarina Wunderlich
9/Oct/2011
Colorimetry
Colorimetry is the science to describe physically the human color perception. The wavelength range 380 nm - 780 nm is visible to humans and detected by three different photoreceptors. Many Reptiles see the range 350 nm - 800 nm and have an additional UV photoreceptor in their retina.
WARNING: The measurement range (350 - 800 nm) is not sufficient for this evaluation! Data is only available in the range 295.5 - 650 nm. Results are shown anyway but should be ignored by anyone except experts.
Whereas a spectrometer measures the intensity in every tiny wavelength interval resulting in thousands of individual intensities, the human eye only measures three intensities detected by the three cones. The same is true for the reptile eye with usually three or four photoreceptors. Effectively the detailled spectrum displayed above reduces to a much compacter bar graph displayed below. The photoreceptor sensitivites from these L-Cone, M-Cone, S-Cone, and U-Cone are used, they are chosen as an average of measured reptile photoreceptor sensitivity curves. The bar graph also shows as reference the intensity seen by the three or four photoreceptors for average sunlight (id 1).
From these three numbers the colour coordinate and the correlated colour temperature for humans are calculated using the CIE standard method. I adapted this concept to a "3 cone reptile (M,S,U)" and a "4 cone reptile (L,M,S,U)". I am sure, that this adaption to other colour spaces makes sense mathematically and this is also done in scientific research regarding colour vision of animals, however I have not seen calculation of colour temperatures for other animals in the scientific literature. Even if it is hypothetical, at least this shows, how arbitrary the colour temperature is, and that the colour temperature calculated for humans does not apply to reptiles. The colour spaces also show the colour coordinates of different phases of daylight ((ids 1, 338 – 451, 511 – 513 ), indicated by crosses, coloured in the appriximate colour perceived by a human.
| Human (CIE) | 3 cone reptile | 4 cone reptile | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cone Excitation | |||
| Colour Coordinate | ( 0.31 ; 0.34 ) | ( 0.41 ; 0.37 ) | ( 0.26 ; 0.31 ; 0.27 ) |
| CCT | 6700 Kelvin | 4800 Kelvin | 5500 Kelvin |
| distance | 0.031 | 0.043 | |
| colour space | 3-D-graph not implemented yet |
Vitamin D3 Analysis
Vitamin D3 is produced by UVB radiation around 300 nm. 7DHC/ProD3 present in the skin is converted to PreD3 when absorbing an UV photon. PreD3 can be converted back to ProD3, to Lumisterol, or to Tachysterol when absorbing another UV photon or can be converted to Vitamin D3 in a warm environment.
This process prevents any overdose of vitamin D3 from UV radiation with a spectrum similar to sunlight. As a comparison the solar spectra at 20°(id:14) and at 85°(id:21) solar angle are shown.
The ratio of the two solarmeters 6.2 (UVB) and 6.5 (UV index) readings has proven a useful and very simply number to acess the spectral shape in the vitamin-d3-active region.
Effective Irradiances
Effective irradiances are calculated for all ranges, actionspectra and radiometers currently present in this database.
The calculation method is a numerical implementation (Simpson's rule) of the formula
To learn more about calculating effective irradiances and radiometers I recommend this excellent report on UVB meters: Characterizing the Performance of Integral Measuring UV-Meters (pdf).
The numbers in the following tables can also be used to estimate certain (effective) irradiances from radiomer readings. Example: If the database lists
- range: UVB (US) = 13.8 µW/cm²
- radiometer: Solarmeter 6.2 = 19.6 µW/cm²
Ranges
total ( 0 nm - 0 nm) 22100 µW/cm² = 221 W/m² UVC ( 0 nm - 280 nm) 0 µW/cm² = 0 W/m² non-terrestrial ( 0 nm - 290 nm) 0 µW/cm² = 0 W/m² total2 ( 250 nm - 880 nm) 22100 µW/cm² = 221 W/m² UVB (EU) ( 280 nm - 315 nm) 58.3 µW/cm² = 0.583 W/m² UVB (US) ( 280 nm - 320 nm) 107 µW/cm² = 1.07 W/m² UVA+B ( 280 nm - 380 nm) 1940 µW/cm² = 19.4 W/m² Solar UVB ( 290 nm - 315 nm) 58.3 µW/cm² = 0.583 W/m² UVA D3 regulating ( 315 nm - 335 nm) 410 µW/cm² = 4.1 W/m² UVA (EU) ( 315 nm - 380 nm) 1880 µW/cm² = 18.8 W/m² UVA2 (medical definition) ( 320 nm - 340 nm) 467 µW/cm² = 4.67 W/m² UVA (US) ( 320 nm - 380 nm) 1830 µW/cm² = 18.3 W/m² UVA1 (variant) ( 335 nm - 380 nm) 1470 µW/cm² = 14.7 W/m² UVA1 (medical) ( 340 nm - 400 nm) 2170 µW/cm² = 21.7 W/m² vis. UVA ( 350 nm - 380 nm) 1070 µW/cm² = 10.7 W/m² VIS Rep3 ( 350 nm - 600 nm) 17800 µW/cm² = 178 W/m² VIS Rep4 ( 350 nm - 700 nm) 21300 µW/cm² = 213 W/m² purple ( 380 nm - 420 nm) 2130 µW/cm² = 21.3 W/m² VIS ( 380 nm - 780 nm) 20200 µW/cm² = 202 W/m² VIS2 ( 400 nm - 680 nm) 19400 µW/cm² = 194 W/m² PAR ( 400 nm - 700 nm) 19400 µW/cm² = 194 W/m² tmp ( 400 nm - 1100 nm) 19400 µW/cm² = 194 W/m² blue ( 420 nm - 490 nm) 5700 µW/cm² = 57 W/m² green ( 490 nm - 575 nm) 7380 µW/cm² = 73.8 W/m² yellow ( 575 nm - 585 nm) 754 µW/cm² = 7.54 W/m² orange ( 585 nm - 650 nm) 4220 µW/cm² = 42.2 W/m² red ( 650 nm - 780 nm) 0 µW/cm² = 0 W/m² IRA ( 700 nm - 1400 nm) 0 µW/cm² = 0 W/m² IR2 ( 720 nm - 1100 nm) 0 µW/cm² = 0 W/m² IRB ( 1400 nm - 3000 nm) 0 µW/cm² = 0 W/m²
Actionspectra
Erythema 2.54 UV-Index Pyrimidine dimerization of DNA 37.1 µW/cm² Photoceratitis 2.88 µW/cm² Photoconjunctivitis 0.0246 µW/cm² DNA Damage 0.087 Vitamin D3 9.3 µW/cm² Photosynthesis 12700 µW/cm² Luminosity 59200 lx Human L-Cone 8720 µW/cm² Human M-Cone 7620 µW/cm² Human S-Cone 4650 µW/cm² CIE X 7470 µW/cm² CIE Y 8220 µW/cm² CIE Z 8610 µW/cm² PAR 81200000 mol photons Extinction preD3 110 e-3*m²/mol Extinction Tachysterol 419 e-3*m²/mol Exctincition PreD3 60900 m²/mol Extinction Lumisterol 4.53 m²/mol Exctincition Tachysterol 744000 m²/mol Extinction 7DHC 1.92 m²/mol L-Cone 7120 µW/cm² M-Cone 8440 µW/cm² S-Cone 7600 µW/cm² U-Cone 4490 µW/cm² UVR - ICNIRP 2004 1.38 Rel Biol Eff Melatonin Supression 7100 µW/cm² Blue Light Hazard 5250 µW/cm² (88.6 µW/cm² per 1000 lx) CIE 174:2006 PreVit D3 9.69 µW/cm² Lumen Reptil 63300 "pseudo-lx" Vitamin D3 Degradation 22.7 µW/cm² Actinic UV 1.39 µW/cm² (0.235 mW/klm) Exctincition Lumisterol 10800 m²/mol Exctincition 7DHC 3660 m²/mol Exctincition Toxisterols 15400 m²/mol
Broadbandmeters
Solarmeter 6.2 (UVB, pre 2010) 165 µW/cm² Solarmeter 6.5 (UV-Index, pre 2010) 3.11 Leybold UVB 105 µW/cm² Leybold UVA 1360 µW/cm² Leybold UVC 6.4E-5 µW/cm² DeltaOhm UVB 426 µW/cm² DeltaOhm UVC 35.4 µW/cm² Vernier UVB 24.9 µW/cm² Vernier UVA 1180 µW/cm² Gröbel UVA 1550 µW/cm² Gröbel UVB 44.2 µW/cm² Gröbel UVC -0.0318 µW/cm² Luxmeter 61500 lx Solarmeter 6.4 (D3) 9.71 IU/min UVX-31 499 µW/cm² IL UVB 0.0809 µW/cm² IL UVA 1600 µW/cm² Solarmeter 6.5 (UVI, post 2010) 2.8 UV-Index Solarmeter 6.2 (UVB, post 2010) 125 µW/cm² (Solarmeter Ratio = 44.6) Solarmeter AlGaN 6.5 UVI sensor 46 UV Index GenUV 7.1 UV-Index 3.24 UV-Index Solarmeter 10.0 (Global Power) (manuf.) 195 W/m² Solarmeter 4.0 (UVA) 26.5 mW/cm² LS122 (manuf.) 0 W/m² ISM400 (first guess) 116 W/m² LS122 (assumption) 5.46 W/m² ISM400_new 87.5 W/m² Solarmeter 10.0 (Global Power) (assumption) 180 W/m²