Spectrum 489: McKinlay11 Edit
DeleteMeasurement
| Brand |
other other |
|---|---|
| Lamp Product |
Tungsten Halogen 11 MacKinlay, A. F., Whillock, J., & Meulemans, C. C. E. (1989). Ultraviolet radiation and blue-light emissions from spotlights incorporating tungsten halogen lamps. National Radiological Protection Board. Lamp 11 |
| Lamp ID |
McKinlay11 (11/2013) |
| Spectrometer | - |
| Ballast | - no ballast or default/unknown ballast - |
| Reflector | |
| Distance | 30 cm |
| Age | 20 hours |
| Originator (measurement) | Publication |
Database entry created:
Sarina Wunderlich
2/Nov/2013 ; updated:
Sarina Wunderlich
2/Nov/2013
Colorimetry
Colorimetry is the science to describe physically the human color perception. The wavelength range 380 nm - 780 nm is visible to humans and detected by three different photoreceptors. Many Reptiles see the range 350 nm - 800 nm and have an additional UV photoreceptor in their retina.
Whereas a spectrometer measures the intensity in every tiny wavelength interval resulting in thousands of individual intensities, the human eye only measures three intensities detected by the three cones. The same is true for the reptile eye with usually three or four photoreceptors. Effectively the detailled spectrum displayed above reduces to a much compacter bar graph displayed below. The photoreceptor sensitivites from these L-Cone, M-Cone, S-Cone, and U-Cone are used, they are chosen as an average of measured reptile photoreceptor sensitivity curves. The bar graph also shows as reference the intensity seen by the three or four photoreceptors for average sunlight (id 1).
From these three numbers the colour coordinate and the correlated colour temperature for humans are calculated using the CIE standard method. I adapted this concept to a "3 cone reptile (M,S,U)" and a "4 cone reptile (L,M,S,U)". I am sure, that this adaption to other colour spaces makes sense mathematically and this is also done in scientific research regarding colour vision of animals, however I have not seen calculation of colour temperatures for other animals in the scientific literature. Even if it is hypothetical, at least this shows, how arbitrary the colour temperature is, and that the colour temperature calculated for humans does not apply to reptiles. The colour spaces also show the colour coordinates of different phases of daylight ((ids 1, 338 – 451, 511 – 513 ), indicated by crosses, coloured in the appriximate colour perceived by a human.
| Human (CIE) | 3 cone reptile | 4 cone reptile | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cone Excitation | |||
| Colour Coordinate | ( 0.45 ; 0.41 ) | ( 0.59 ; 0.29 ) | ( 0.53 ; 0.28 ; 0.13 ) |
| CCT | 2800 Kelvin | 2900 Kelvin | 2800 Kelvin |
| distance | 0.0036 | 0.0019 | |
| colour space | 3-D-graph not implemented yet |
Vitamin D3 Analysis
Vitamin D3 is produced by UVB radiation around 300 nm. 7DHC/ProD3 present in the skin is converted to PreD3 when absorbing an UV photon. PreD3 can be converted back to ProD3, to Lumisterol, or to Tachysterol when absorbing another UV photon or can be converted to Vitamin D3 in a warm environment.
This process prevents any overdose of vitamin D3 from UV radiation with a spectrum similar to sunlight. As a comparison the solar spectra at 20°(id:14) and at 85°(id:21) solar angle are shown.
The ratio of the two solarmeters 6.2 (UVB) and 6.5 (UV index) readings has proven a useful and very simply number to acess the spectral shape in the vitamin-d3-active region.
Effective Irradiances
Effective irradiances are calculated for all ranges, actionspectra and radiometers currently present in this database.
The calculation method is a numerical implementation (Simpson's rule) of the formula
To learn more about calculating effective irradiances and radiometers I recommend this excellent report on UVB meters: Characterizing the Performance of Integral Measuring UV-Meters (pdf).
The numbers in the following tables can also be used to estimate certain (effective) irradiances from radiomer readings. Example: If the database lists
- range: UVB (US) = 13.8 µW/cm²
- radiometer: Solarmeter 6.2 = 19.6 µW/cm²
Ranges
total ( 0 nm - 0 nm) 268000 µW/cm² = 2680 W/m² UVC ( 0 nm - 280 nm) 0 µW/cm² = 0 W/m² non-terrestrial ( 0 nm - 290 nm) 0 µW/cm² = 0 W/m² total2 ( 250 nm - 880 nm) 61300 µW/cm² = 613 W/m² UVB (EU) ( 280 nm - 315 nm) 22.6 µW/cm² = 0.226 W/m² UVB (US) ( 280 nm - 320 nm) 27.1 µW/cm² = 0.271 W/m² UVA+B ( 280 nm - 380 nm) 309 µW/cm² = 3.09 W/m² Solar UVB ( 290 nm - 315 nm) 22.6 µW/cm² = 0.226 W/m² UVA D3 regulating ( 315 nm - 335 nm) 33.9 µW/cm² = 0.339 W/m² UVA (EU) ( 315 nm - 380 nm) 287 µW/cm² = 2.87 W/m² UVA2 (medical definition) ( 320 nm - 340 nm) 38.6 µW/cm² = 0.386 W/m² UVA (US) ( 320 nm - 380 nm) 282 µW/cm² = 2.82 W/m² UVA1 (variant) ( 335 nm - 380 nm) 253 µW/cm² = 2.53 W/m² UVA1 (medical) ( 340 nm - 400 nm) 472 µW/cm² = 4.72 W/m² vis. UVA ( 350 nm - 380 nm) 203 µW/cm² = 2.03 W/m² VIS Rep3 ( 350 nm - 600 nm) 11600 µW/cm² = 116 W/m² VIS Rep4 ( 350 nm - 700 nm) 26100 µW/cm² = 261 W/m² purple ( 380 nm - 420 nm) 561 µW/cm² = 5.61 W/m² VIS ( 380 nm - 780 nm) 40200 µW/cm² = 402 W/m² PAR ( 400 nm - 700 nm) 25700 µW/cm² = 257 W/m² blue ( 420 nm - 490 nm) 2250 µW/cm² = 22.5 W/m² green ( 490 nm - 575 nm) 6080 µW/cm² = 60.8 W/m² yellow ( 575 nm - 585 nm) 1040 µW/cm² = 10.4 W/m² orange ( 585 nm - 650 nm) 8030 µW/cm² = 80.3 W/m² red ( 650 nm - 780 nm) 22200 µW/cm² = 222 W/m² IRA ( 700 nm - 1400 nm) 156000 µW/cm² = 1560 W/m² IRB ( 1400 nm - 3000 nm) 86200 µW/cm² = 862 W/m²
Actionspectra
Erythema 1.69 UV-Index Pyrimidine dimerization of DNA 14.9 µW/cm² Photoceratitis 2.4 µW/cm² Photoconjunctivitis 0.0374 µW/cm² DNA Damage 0.143 Vitamin D3 7.91 µW/cm² Photosynthesis 18100 µW/cm² Luminosity 67600 lx Human L-Cone 10600 µW/cm² Human M-Cone 7320 µW/cm² Human S-Cone 1700 µW/cm² CIE X 10300 µW/cm² CIE Y 9390 µW/cm² CIE Z 3280 µW/cm² PAR 126000000 mol photons Extinction preD3 36.4 e-3*m²/mol Extinction Tachysterol 123 e-3*m²/mol Exctincition PreD3 17200 m²/mol Extinction Lumisterol 7.06 m²/mol Exctincition Tachysterol 175000 m²/mol Extinction 7DHC 4.68 m²/mol L-Cone 10000 µW/cm² M-Cone 5250 µW/cm² S-Cone 2530 µW/cm² U-Cone 1060 µW/cm² UVR - ICNIRP 2004 1.38 Rel Biol Eff Melatonin Supression 3020 µW/cm² Blue Light Hazard 1940 µW/cm² (28.8 µW/cm² per 1000 lx) CIE 174:2006 PreVit D3 8.85 µW/cm² Lumen Reptil 50300 "pseudo-lx" Vitamin D3 Degradation 5.84 µW/cm² Actinic UV 1.4 µW/cm² (0.208 mW/klm) Exctincition Lumisterol 9860 m²/mol Exctincition 7DHC 6410 m²/mol Exctincition Toxisterols 2700 m²/mol
Broadbandmeters
Solarmeter 6.2 (UVB, pre 2010) 33.6 µW/cm² Solarmeter 6.5 (UV-Index, pre 2010) 2.25 Leybold UVB 24.8 µW/cm² Leybold UVA 216 µW/cm² Leybold UVC 0 µW/cm² DeltaOhm UVB 50.2 µW/cm² DeltaOhm UVC 5.59 µW/cm² Vernier UVB 13.7 µW/cm² Vernier UVA 128 µW/cm² Gröbel UVA 230 µW/cm² Gröbel UVB 15.2 µW/cm² Gröbel UVC 0.0014 µW/cm² Solarmeter 6.4 (D3) 7.04 IU/min UVX-31 64.3 µW/cm² IL UVB 0.0154 µW/cm² IL UVA 258 µW/cm² Solarmeter 6.5 (UVI, post 2010) 1.8 UV-Index Solarmeter 6.2 (UVB, post 2010) 19.9 µW/cm² (Solarmeter Ratio = 11.1) Solarmeter AlGaN 6.5 UVI sensor 18.5 UV Index GenUV 7.1 UV-Index 1 UV-Index Solarmeter 10.0 (Global Power) 1700 W/m² Solarmeter 4.0 (UVA) 4.88 mW/cm² LS122 1680 W/m² ISM400 2060 W/m²